All of the following have been victims of trademark trolling in These values are reflected in the way people conduct business, as relationships are often valued over transactions. Gender Egalitarianism: The degree to which a collective minimizes gender inequality. [61][62] As different cultures dictate distinctive norms, culture shock is also studied to understand how people react when they are confronted with other cultures. Japan Norway Germany Japan United States Rationale: Japan, along with China and Arab countries, is a high-context culture. These communicators represent what kind of culture? Because of social media, communicators can now reach out to larger and more varied audiences than in the past. The notion that they hold unique beliefs. Writing is a skill set used only by managers and corporate executives. [71][72][73], This article is about culture as used in the social sciences and humanities. Peter must inform his employees that his company will need to let go of employees. c. Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature." c. a. Low-context cultures tend to be logical, analytical, action-oriented, and concerned with the individual. Which of the following countries would be considered individualistic cultures: Which of the following countries would be considered low-context cultures: The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous . The visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the visual artistic practices of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from ancient times to the present. Finally, the language also includes a variety of nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, hand gestures, and tone of voice. Your email address will not be published. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions. 32. The dimensions collectively portray the impact of the culture ingrained in society on the values of the members of that society. Humanity is in a global "accelerating culture change period," driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and above all, the human population explosion, among other factors. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The UN and UNESCO promote cultural preservation and cultural diversity through declarations and legally-binding conventions or treaties. We will look at how the country's culture . (d) Canada [40] Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. attitude that ones own culture is superior to others is known as: Ethnocentrism, Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that _________ is defined as the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture. b. [57]:19 For example, people who are raised in a culture with an abacus are trained with distinctive reasoning style. Confrontation is accepted as an attribute. d. Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights deals with cultural heritage in two ways: it gives people the right to participate in cultural life on the one hand and the right to the protection of their contributions to cultural life on the other. and more. Trust must be developed before business transactions can begin. Which of the following is not a dimension of culture? (d) Tesla In a Marxist view, the mode and relations of production form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences superstructures, such as culture. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. Social media are playing an increasingly prominent role in business. High context cultures are those in which communication is largely implied rather than explicit. Check all that apply. Men, as well as women, are expected to be tender, modest, with focus on the quality of life; Emphasis on the non-materialistic angles of success; The preferred traits in boyfriends and husbands are the same. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Learn more about its definition, characteristics, ingroups, and examples. When used as a count noun, a "culture" is the set of customs, traditions, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. a. Kindly login to access the content at no cost. McClenon, James. When exchanging important information with someone for whom English is a second language, you should confirm the results and agreements in writing. Collectivistic: High-context cultures are generally collectivist culturesthey place a higher value on the good of an entire group of people than on any one individual. China EXCEPT Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions: Theory, Purpose & Types | What is Cultural Dimension? [47] Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as Western civilization or globalism. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies. Empathetic senders consider how the receiver will decode the message and try, As you first begin the composition process, which of the following questions should you ask yourself? a. Japan Which of the following is a common trait of a business communicator from a low-context culture? [55], Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups:[56]. Masculine vs. Feminine Cultures: Distinctions & Communication Styles. Which statement about the effect of social media and communication technology on culture is. d. Presence technology, videoconferencing, and cloud computing are communication technologies being used by many companies today. (a)To maintain good relations with trading partners, (c) To support its domestic industries that use minerals, (d) To increase global supply and reduce the price, Answer- 1) Which country is high context culture? United States b. Germany c. Norway d. Japan ANSWER: RATIONALE: Japan, along with China and Arab countries, is a high-context culture.d. Employees in today's workforce must learn to write only e-mails effectively. Rein Raud, building on the work of Umberto Eco, Pierre Bourdieu and Jeffrey C. Alexander, has proposed a model of cultural change based on claims and bids, which are judged by their cognitive adequacy and endorsed or not endorsed by the symbolic authority of the cultural community in question. [45] It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall,[46] who succeeded Hoggart as Director. is created by a structured educational system. On the one hand, it has opened up opportunities for cultural exchange, allowing people to learn more about different cultures. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead, look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science.[41]. For example, people from collectivistic cultures, such as the Japanese, suppress their positive emotions more than their American counterparts. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics. [28] As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from Latin: civitas, lit. House of the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania. Norway Which communication technology is used by companies today? Collectivism I: (Institutional) The degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. All four countries have strong group orientation and emphasize social harmony, respect for authority, and importance of relationships. [64] Culture is important for psychologists to consider when understanding the human mental operation. Japan Which of the following is an example of an. Answer: Social media are playing an increasingly prominent role in business. Marion hired you to research why employees are coming late and. d. According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized. a. b. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Because of technology, all workers will write more on the job and use a wider range of communication channels, including letters, memos, e-mails, wikis, texts, instant messages, and blogs. a.Ethnocentrism occurs in only Western cultures. Members of ingroups usually share many characteristics and experiences. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? Placing emphasis on written information Learning about beliefs and practices different from our own and appreciating them means displaying _______. UNESCO, 2016, p 73. Humane Orientation: The degree to which a collective encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. Tolerance North Americans value straightforwardness and are suspicious of evasiveness. Germany Globalization has had both positive and negative impacts on Japans high context culture. [60] Culture may affect the way that people experience and express emotions. Which These communicators represent what kind of culture? "[39] As such, culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. (c) Germany "[27] This concept of culture is also comparable to the German concept of bildung: "culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world. Social media always makes individuals of various cultures feel connected. a. Norway b. Germany c . Social media are playing an increasingly prominent role in business. Chinese social culture avoids direct communication because it can be socially awkward and uncomfortable. Suppose that you are a member of Congress who heard Truman deliver his speech on the Fair Deal. Rather than being individualistic, they have an increased inclination towards conformity; Increased concern regarding in-group members. The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx,[42] Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, wherein researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. I have a passion for learning and enjoy explaining complex concepts in a simple way. The acceptance of the privileges that come with power; An expectation of power differences and inequality. China Explanation- High context culture countries are those where most of the people are highly educated and they follow certain norms and rituals and they b. creating an entirely online presence. Exploring the Life and Legacy of the Ancient Greek Mathematician, Are Fairlife Protein Shakes Healthy? Feminist cultural analyst, theorist, and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. [26], In the 19th century, humanists such as English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold (18221888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world. use words that will impress the listener. Write a speech convincing your colleagues in Congress to pass or defeat Trumans Fair Deal measures. Context, which refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event, is probably the most important dimension of culture. However, some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complicated, abilities for social learning. "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. Our Experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. See Page 1. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. Family and community play an important role in shaping the culture of Japan. High-context cultures are collectivist, value interpersonal relationships, and have members that form stable, close relationships. This means that the members' identity is heavily rooted in groups, i.e., families and work units. (b) Impunity is \qquad (d) the inability to break a habit. 2009) = Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Paris, February 26 and 27), ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 360 p. Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Honour Cultures of honour and cultures of law, "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community", "Why China Loves American Chain Restaurants So Much", Stephen Wolfram (May 16, 2017) A New Kind of Science: A 15-Year View, "Biography of Adolf Bastian, ethnologist", "What is Anthropology? UNESCO and its partner organizations such as Blue Shield International coordinate international protection and local implementation. "[11] Terror management theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as "person[s] of worth within the world of meaning"raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain. As a result, employers need employees who can write because today's digital media requires more written communication than ever. Which of the following is a benefit of a diverse work environment? Create your account. Countries that fall into this categorization are Japan China France Spain Brazil and more. d. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk," i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. In this sense, multiculturalism values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. teaches its members how to behave and conditions their reactions. In comparison, the. [3] Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. For sociologist Georg Simmel (18581918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history. Which of the following countries would likely view a business contract as a binding document? originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing Rousseau's criticism of "modern liberalism and Enlightenment." The first group covers the variables that represent the "efficiency orientation" of the societies: performance orientation. Power distance A Comprehensive Analysis, Exploring the Innovative JBX Theater: Revolutionizing the Entertainment Industry. 40. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Culture can be either of two types, non-material culture or material culture. [23] According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. This page titled 1.5: Taxonomies of Cultural Patterns is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Tammera Stokes Rice. Your email address will not be published. There are strong distinctions made between individuals who are members of the ingroup and those who are not members in high-context cultures. (2011), Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain: actes du symposium international (Paris, 26-27 fv. _________ Japan d. Japan. Roger OKeefe, Camille Pron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. As the field developed, it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies, and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. culture? a. Economics questions and answers. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago and is often thought to be unique to humans. In addition, organizations that promote diversity suffer fewer discrimination lawsuits, fewer union clashes, and less government regulatory action. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. This page was last edited on 20 April 2023, at 12:57. [25] This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Answer: c. Tolerance To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. China EXCEPT. The Self in a Social Context: Help and Review, Figure-Ground Perception: Definition & Examples, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to Social Psychology: Help and Review, Research Methods and Ethics: Help and Review, Social Cognition & Perception: Help and Review, The Self: Executive and Organizational Functions & Gender and Cultural Differences, Introspection and Self-Awareness Theory in Psychology: Definition & Examples, Self-Perception Theory: Definition and Examples, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Education: Definition & Examples, Two-Factor Theory of Emotions: Definition and Relation to the Misattribution of Arousal, Social-Comparison Theory: Upward vs. In the context of cultural studies, a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Only managers and business executives need strong communication skills. Collectivism II: (In-Group) The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. a. Additionally, Japan has a stronger emphasis on hierarchy, with hierarchical relationships being deeply embedded in the culture. In 1860, Adolf Bastian (18261905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind. comes from an orderly system of government and laws. Culture, for a cultural-studies researcher, not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups)[50] and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. "[7], In 1986, philosopher Edward S. Casey wrote, "The very word culture meant 'place tilled' in Middle English, and the same word goes back to Latin colere, 'to inhabit, care for, till, worship' and cultus, 'A cult, especially a religious one.' Do I really want to write this message? b. Tylor, it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. "a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development. c.is created by a structured educational system. average, one in five hate crimes in the United States target people on the The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs. c. from the free trade provided by the Trans-Pacific Partnership? [14] In this context, modernization could be viewed as adoption of Enlightenment era beliefs and practices, such as science, rationalism, industry, commerce, democracy, and the notion of progress. I highly recommend you use this site! "[21] He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. c. "[27], In practice, culture referred to an elite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. This website helped me pass! 1) For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field. Which of the following countries is considered a high-context "[52] The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? Acculturation has different meanings. Additionally, there is a strong emphasis on respecting ones elders and showing loyalty to family and community. In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (17441803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. promoting from within. basis of their. c. Culture is the basis of self-identity and community. Businesses today generate a wide range of messages using a variety of media. degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations Organizations that have a number of standardized procedures, written rules, and clearly delineated structures; Requirement for predictability highlighting the significance of planning; Promotions depending upon age or seniority. These include works from South America and North America, which includes Central America and Greenland.The Siberian Yupiit, who have great cultural overlap with Native Alaskan Yupiit, are also included. a. Which of the following is a common trait of a business communicator from a low-context culture? Culture combines the visible and invisible. Instead, you move from project to project, joining a new team and project when your current project is, You prepare notes for a staff meeting to present potential solutions to the lingering problem. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? The preferred way of solving problems and learning is in groups. All rights reserved. Gerold Keusch "Kulturschutz in der ra der Identittskriege" In: Truppendienst - Magazin des sterreichischen Bundesheeres, October 24, 2018. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.[20]. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West. Answer: d. Low-context Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Which of the following is a common trait of a business communicator from a low-context culture? Answer: d. All are benefits of a diverse work environment. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods, instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. Some common characteristics of high-context cultures include: High-context cultures are collectivist cultures. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al. As a first step to gauge leader effectiveness across cultures, GLOBE empirically established nine cultural dimensions that make it possible to capture the similarities and/or differences in norms, values, beliefs and practicesamong societies. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following is the least accurate statement about culture? mentioned in the text? People are less concerned about loss of face than in low-context cultures. When speaking with someone for whom English is a second language, you should talk slowly, enunciate clearly, check frequently for comprehension, observe eye messages, listen without interrupting, and. (b) Volkswagen Organizations like UNESCO attempt to preserve culture and cultural heritage. (. On the other hand, it has posed challenges for preserving a high context culture, as certain aspects of the culture may be lost in the process of global integration. Which of the following countries is considered a high-context The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. Low-context Answer: d. Japan This article will explore which of the following countries represents a high context culture, taking Japan as an example. Explain. assume that the listener understands if he or she nods and smiles in agreement. Ethnocentrism is the oversimplified perception of a behavioral pattern or characteristic applied to all groups. They also depend little on the context of a situation to convey their meaning. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. Time orientation d.Developers of social media should use the same design principles for all audiences. 2) [1] Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. "Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example", Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture&oldid=1150847788. [citation needed], Raimon Panikkar identified 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about, including growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Cultural Dimensions and Culture Clusters: GLOBE's major premise (and finding) is that leader effectiveness is contextual, that is, it is embedded in the societal and organizational norms, values, and beliefs of the people being led. __________ fleeting. High-context cultures also value group harmony above individual achievement. Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The situation, people, and non-verbal elements are more important than the actual words that are communicated. "bro culture"), or a counterculture. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Concentration on self or at the most very near and dear ones, and concern with behavioral relationships as well as own goals, interests, and needs. Behavior as per social norms that are established for maintenance of social harmony among in-group members; Considering the wider collective with regards to implications of their actions; Sharing of resources and readiness to give up personal interest keeping in mind the collective interest; Favoring some in-groups (such as friends and family); Being a part of a few in-groups that have an influence on their lives. The second covers the variables that represent the "social orientation" of societies, i.e., the attitudes and lifestyles of their members. Human Growth and Development: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Help and Review, Human Growth and Development: Tutoring Solution, Human Growth and Development: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Social Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Social Psychology: Certificate Program, Social Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Educational Psychology: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Life Span Developmental Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Help and Review, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Human Growth & Development Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, DSST Lifespan Developmental Psychology Prep, Create an account to start this course today. [2] All answer choices are communication technologies being used by companies today. These include expressive forms like art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies like tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing. High-context cultures promote the development of ingroups. However, the concept may also apply to corporations, professions and other cultural groups, as well as to settings such as online and offline communication. 3) Another individual, a Japanese-American business executive, described the culture as one that values relationships over transactions. Culture (/ k l t r /) is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Some other, communication and collaborative technologies being used today include social media, Web and voice conferencing, blogs, wikis, podcasts, and social, Communicators from North America, Scandinavia, and Germany tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented.
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